2. 非官方开源资料汇总

2.1. 第三方开源代码

雷达相机紧耦合里程计

  • 主题：雷达相机紧耦合里程计

  • 开源地址：R3LIVE

雷达相机无靶标自动标定

  • 主题：Livox雷达和相机自然场景下的外参标定

  • 开源地址：Livox camera calib

雷达相机无靶标自动标定（多雷达多相机）

  • 主题：多Livox雷达和多相机自然场景下的互标定

  • 开源地址：MLCC

雷达IMU初始化和自动标定

  • 主题：Livox雷达和IMU初始化和自动标定

  • 开源地址：LiDAR IMU Init

Livox SLAM（带LIO+闭环检测优化）

  • 主题：Livox雷达LIO+闭环检测优化

  • 开源地址：LiDAR SLAM

2.2. 论文

Low-cost Retina-like Robotic Lidar Based on Incommensurable Scanning

Loam_livox: A fast, robust, high-precision LiDAR odometry and mapping package for LiDARs of small FoV

A fast, complete, point cloud based loop closure for LiDAR odometry and mapping

CamVox: A Low-cost and Accurate Lidar-assisted Visual SLAM System

BALM: Bundle Adjustment for Lidar Mapping

A decentralized framework for simultaneous calibration, localization and mapping with multiple LiDARs

Initial Investigation of a Low-Cost Automotive LIDAR System

  • 文章主题： This investigation focuses on the performance assessment of a low-cost automotive LIDAR, the Livox Mid-40 series. The work aims to examine the qualities of the sensor in terms of ranging, repeatability and accuracy. Towards these aims a series of experiments were carried out based on previous research of low-cost sensor accuracy, LIDAR accuracy investigation and TLS calibration experiments. The Livox Mid-40 series offers the advantage of a long-range detection beyond 200 m at a remarkably low cost. The preliminary results of the tests for this sensor indicate that it can be used for reality capture purposes such as to obtain coarse as-built plans and volume calculations to mention a few. Close-range experiments were conducted in an indoor laboratory setting. Long-range experiments were performed outdoors towards a building façade. Reference values in both setups were provided with a Leica RTC 360 terrestrial LIDAR system. In the close-range experiments a cross section of the point cloud shows a significant level of noise in the acquired data. At a stand-off distance of 5 m the length measurement tests reveal deviations of up to 11 mm to the reference values. Range measurement was tested up to 130 meters and shows ranging deviations of up to 25 millimetres. The authors recommend further investigation of the issues in radiometric behaviour and material reflectivity. Also, more knowledge about the internal components is needed to understand the causes of the concentric ripple effect observed at close ranges. Another aspect that should be considered is the use of targets and their design as the non-standard scan pattern prevents automated detection with standard commercial software.

  • 文章地址：Initial Investigation of a Low-Cost Automotive LIDAR System

Towards high-performance solid-state-lidar-inertial odometry and mapping

  • 文章主题：We present a novel tightly-coupled LiDAR-inertial odometry and mapping scheme for both solid-state and mechanical LiDARs. As frontend, a feature-based lightweight LiDAR odometry provides fast motion estimates for adaptive keyframe selection. As backend, a hierarchical keyframe-based sliding window optimization is performed through marginalization for directly fusing IMU and LiDAR measurements. For the Livox Horizon, a newly released solid-state LiDAR, a novel feature extraction method is proposed to handle its irregular scan pattern during preprocessing. LiLi-OM (Livox LiDAR-inertial odometry and mapping) is real-time capable and achieves superior accuracy over state-of-the-art systems for both LiDAR types on public data sets of mechanical LiDARs and in experiments using the Livox Horizon. Source 代码地址 and recorded experimental data sets are available on Github.

  • 文章地址：Towards High-Performance Solid-State-LiDAR-Inertial Odometry and Mapping

  • 代码地址：Github

Accuracy Assessment and Calibration of Low-Cost Autonomous LIDAR Sensors

  • 文章主题：A number of low-cost, small form factor, high resolution lidar sensors have recently been commercialized in an effort to fill thegrowing needs for lidar sensors on autonomous vehicles. These lidar sensors often report performance as range precision and angularaccuracy, which are insufficient to characterize the overall quality of the point clouds returned by these sensors. Herein, a detailedgeometric accuracy analysis of two representative autonomous sensors, the Ouster OSI-64 and the Livox Mid-40, is presented. Thescanners were analyzed through a rigorous least squares adjustment of data from the two sensors using planar surface constraints.The analysis attempts to elucidate the overall point cloud accuracy and presence of systematic errors for the sensors over medium (<40 m) ranges.

  • 文章地址：Accuracy Assessment and Calibration of Low-Cost Autonomous LIDAR Sensors

UAV LiDAR Point Cloud Segmentation of A Stack Interchange with Deep Neural Networks

  • 文章主题： Stack interchanges are essential components of transportation systems. Mobile laser scanning (MLS) systemshave been widely used in road infrastructure mapping, but accu-rate mapping of complicated multi-layer stack interchanges arestill challenging. This study examined the point clouds collectedby a new Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Light Detection andRanging (LiDAR) system to perform the semantic segmentationtask of a stack interchange. An end-to-end supervised 3D deeplearning framework was proposed to classify the point clouds.The proposed method has proven to capture 3D features incomplicated interchange scenarios with stacked convolution andthe result achieved over 93% classification accuracy. In addition,the new low-cost semi-solid-state LiDAR sensor Livox Mid-40 featuring a incommensurable rosette scanning pattern hasdemonstrated its potential in high-definition urban mapping.

  • 文章地址：UAV LiDAR Point Cloud Segmentation of A Stack Interchange with Deep Neural Networks

FAST-LIO: A Fast, Robust LiDAR-inertial Odometry Package by Tightly-Coupled Iterated Kalman Filter

  • 文章主题： This paper presents a computationally efficient and robust LiDAR-inertial odometry framework. We fuse LiDAR feature points with IMU data using a tightly-coupled iterated extended Kalman filter to allow robust navigation in fast-motion, noisy or cluttered environments where degeneration occurs. To lower the computation load in the presence of large number of measurements, we present a new formula to compute the Kalman gain. The new formula has computation load depending on the state dimension instead of the measurement dimension. The proposed method and its implementation are tested in various indoor and outdoor environments. In all tests, our method produces reliable navigation results in real-time: running on a quadrotor onboard computer, it fuses more than 1,200 effective feature points in a scan and completes all iterations of an iEKF step within 25 ms. Our 代码地址s are open-sourced online.

  • 文章地址：FAST-LIO: A Fast, Robust LiDAR-inertial Odometry Package by Tightly-Coupled Iterated Kalman Filter

  • 代码地址：Github

VIO-UWB-Based Collaborative Localization and Dense Scene Reconstruction within Heterogeneous Multi-Robot Systems

  • 文章主题： Effective collaboration in multi-robot systems requires accurate and robust estimation of relative localization: from cooperative manipulation to collaborative sensing, and including cooperative exploration or cooperative transportation. This paper introduces a novel approach to collaborative localization for dense scene reconstruction in heterogeneous multi-robot systems comprising ground robots and micro-aerial vehicles (MAVs). We solve the problem of full relative pose estimation without sliding time windows by relying on UWB-based ranging and Visual Inertial Odometry (VIO)-based egomotion estimation for localization, while exploiting lidars onboard the ground robots for full relative pose estimation in a single reference frame. During operation, the rigidity eigenvalue provides feedback to the system. To tackle the challenge of path planning and obstacle avoidance of MAVs in GNSS-denied environments, we maintain line-of-sight between ground robots and MAVs. Because lidars capable of dense reconstruction have limited FoV, this introduces new constraints to the system. Therefore, we propose a novel formulation with a variant of the Dubins multiple traveling salesman problem with neighborhoods (DMTSPN) where we include constraints related to the limited FoV of the ground robots. Our approach is validated with simulations and experiments with real robots for the different parts of the system.

  • 文章地址：VIO-UWB-Based Collaborative Localization and Dense Scene Reconstruction within Heterogeneous Multi-Robot Systems

  • 代码地址：Github

A Survey of Simultaneous Localization and Mapping with an Envision in 6G Wireless Networks

  • 文章主题： Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) achieves the purpose of simultaneous positioning and map construction based on self-perception. The paper makes an overview in SLAM including Lidar SLAM, visual SLAM, and their fusion. For Lidar or visual SLAM, the survey illustrates the basic type and product of sensors, open source system in sort and history, deep learning embedded, the challenge and future. Additionally, visual inertial odometry is supplemented. For Lidar and visual fused SLAM, the paper highlights the multi-sensors calibration, the fusion in hardware, data, task layer. The open question and forward thinking with an envision in 6G wireless networks end the paper. The contributions of this paper can be summarized as follows: the paper provides a high quality and full-scale overview in SLAM. It’s very friendly for new researchers to hold the development of SLAM and learn it very obviously. Also, the paper can be considered as a dictionary for experienced researchers to search and find new interesting orientation.

  • 文章地址：A Survey of Simultaneous Localization and Mapping with an Envision in 6G Wireless Networks

Review on 3D Lidar Localization for Autonomous Driving Cars

  • 文章主题：LiDAR sensors are becoming one of the most essential sensors in achieving full autonomy for self driving cars. LiDARs are able to produce rich, dense and precise spatial data, which can tremendously help in localizing and tracking a moving vehicle. In this paper, we review the latest finding in 3D LiDAR localization for autonomous driving cars, and analyse the results obtained by each method, in an effort to guide the research community towards the path that seems to be the most promising.

  • 文章地址：Review on 3D Lidar Localization for Autonomous Driving Cars

ACSC: Automatic Calibration for Non-repetitive Scanning Solid-State LiDAR and Camera Systems

  • 文章主题： Recently, the rapid development of Solid-State LiDAR (SSL) enables low-cost and efficient obtainment of 3D point clouds from the environment, which has inspired a large quantity of studies and applications. However, the non-uniformity of its scanning pattern, and the inconsistency of the ranging error distribution bring challenges to its calibration task. In this paper, we proposed a fully automatic calibration method for the non-repetitive scanning SSL and camera systems. First, a temporal-spatial-based geometric feature refinement method is presented, to extract effective features from SSL point clouds; then, the 3D corners of the calibration target (a printed checkerboard) are estimated with the reflectance distribution of points. Based on the above, a target-based extrinsic calibration method is finally proposed. We evaluate the proposed method on different types of LiDAR and camera sensor combinations in real conditions, and achieve accuracy and robustness calibration results. The 代码地址 is available at this https URL.

  • 文章地址：ACSC: Automatic Calibration for Non-repetitive Scanning Solid-State LiDAR and Camera Systems

  • 代码地址：Github

Autonomous Dam Surveillance Robot System Based on Multi-Sensor Fusion

  • 文章主题：Dams are important engineering facilities in the water conservancy industry. They have many functions, such as flood control, electric power generation, irrigation, water supply, shipping, etc. Therefore, their long-term safety is crucial to operational stability. Because of the complexity of the dam environment, robots with various kinds of sensors are a good choice to replace humans to perform a surveillance job. In this paper, an autonomous system design is proposed for dam ground surveillance robots, which includes general solution, electromechanical layout, sensors scheme, and navigation method. A strong and agile skid-steered mobile robot body platform is designed and created, which can be controlled accurately based on an MCU and an onboard IMU. A novel low-cost LiDAR is adopted for odometry estimation. To realize more robust localization results, two Kalman filter loops are used with the robot kinematic model to fuse wheel en代码地址r, IMU, LiDAR odometry, and a low-cost GNSS receiver data. Besides, a recognition network based on YOLO v3 is deployed to realize real-time recognition of cracks and people during surveillance. As a system, by connecting the robot, the cloud server and the users with IOT technology, the proposed solution could be more robust and practical.

  • 文章地址：Autonomous Dam Surveillance Robot System Based on Multi-Sensor Fusion